Class 12 physics important topics for board exam 2026

class 12 physics important topics for board exam 2026

Chapter – 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Topic :

  • Gauss’s law & its applications
  • Dipole in a uniform external field
  • Electric flux and field lines
  • Electric field due to dipole
  • Coulomb’s Law

NCERT Questions

Solved Examples :

1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11

Exercise Questions :

1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 1.10, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.16, 1.17, 1.21, 1.23

Derivation :

  • Application of Gauss Theorem
  • Electric field due to dipole
  • Dipole in uniform external field

Chapter – 2: Electric Potential and Capacitance

Topic :

  • Energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation)
  • Equipotential surface
  • Potential energy of a system of charges
  • The parallel plate capacitor
  • Effect of dielectric on capacitance

NCERT Question :

Solved Example :

2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.10

Exercise Question :

2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11

Derivations :

  • Electric potential due to dipole
  • Potential energy of a system of two point charges in external field
  • Effect of dielectric on capacitance
  • The parallel plate capacitor

Chapter – 3: Current Electricity

Topic :

  • Concept of drift velocity
  • Kirchhoff’s law
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity
  • Cells, EMF and internal resistance
  • Wheat Stone Bridge

NCERT Question :

Solved Example :

3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7

Exercise Question :

3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8

Derivations :

  • Drift velocity
  • Deduction of Ohm’s Law from drift velocity
  • Combination of cells

Chapter – 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Topic :

  • The Moving Coil Galvanometer
  • Biot Savart law & its application
  • Ampere circuital law & its application
  • Force between two parallel currents
  • Motion in a magnetic field
  • Torque on current loop

NCERT Question :

Solved Example :

4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.10, 4.13

Exercise Question :

4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.13

Derivations :

  • Magnetic field due to current carrying circular loop on its axis
  • Magnetic field due to infinitely long straight wire
  • Force between two parallel current carrying conductors
  • Torque experienced by a current loop

Chapter – 5: Magnetism and Matter

Topics :

  • Bar Magnet
  • Magnetic Properties of Materials
  • Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 5.2, 5.5

Exercise Question : 5.2, 5.5, 5.7

Derivations : No Derivation


Chapter – 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Topics :

  • Inductance
  • AC Generator
  • Lenz law and conservation of energy
  • Motional emf

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9

Exercise Question : 6.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8

Derivations :

  • Inductance
  • Energy stored in an inductor

Chapter – 7: Alternating Current

Topics :

  • Series LCR circuit & resonance circuit
  • Power in A.C circuit
  • Transformers

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.9, 7.10

Exercise Question : 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8

Derivations :

  • Series LCR Circuit
  • Power in an A.C Circuit

Chapter – 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Topics :

  • Idea of displacement current
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Electromagnetic spectrum

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 8.0, 8.2

Exercise Question : 8.1, 8.2, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.10

Derivations : No Derivation


Chapter – 9: Ray Optics

Topics :

  • Refraction at spherical surfaces
  • Refraction by lenses
  • Lens maker’s formula
  • Refraction through a prism
  • Optical instruments

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8

Exercise Question :

9.1, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.8, 9.10, 9.11, 9.14, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18, 9.19, 9.20,
9.21, 9.22, 9.26, 9.27, 9.30, 9.31

Derivations :

  • Mirror formula
  • Refraction at spherical surfaces
  • Lens maker’s formula
  • Combination of thin lenses in contact
  • Refraction through prism
  • Optical instruments

Chapter – 10: Wave Optics

Topics :

  • Interference of light waves
  • YDSE (No derivation)
  • Diffraction
  • Reflection and refraction using Huygens principle

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 10.1, 10.2

Exercise Question : 10.1, 10.2, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6

Derivations :

  • Proof of laws of reflection using Huygens principle
  • Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens principle
  • Interference

Chapter – 11: Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter

Topics :

  • Experimental study of photoelectric effect
  • Einstein’s photo electric equation
  • Wave nature of matter

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

Exercise Question : 11.2, 11.4, 11.6, 11.8, 11.10, 11.11

Derivations :

  • Einstein’s photo electric equation

Chapter – 12: Atoms

Topics :

  • Bohr model of hydrogen atom
  • Line spectra of hydrogen atom
  • Alpha particle scattering
  • Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : All examples

Exercise Question :

12.2, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9

Derivations :

  • Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom

Chapter – 13: Nuclei

Topics :

  • Size of the nucleus
  • Nuclear force
  • BE/A
  • Nuclear fission
  • Nuclear fusion

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 13.0, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

Exercise Question :

13.2, 13.3, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9

Derivation : No Derivation


Chapter – 14: Semiconductor Electronics

Topics :

  • Semiconductor diode
  • Diode as a rectifier
  • P-n junction diode

NCERT Question :

Solved Example : 14.0, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4

Exercise Question : 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6

Derivations :

  • Conductivity of semiconductor